Forces (Gravity and Fluid Resistence) with Vectors
by Daniel Shiffman
Demonstration of multiple forces acting on bodies. Bodies experience gravity continuously and fluid resistance when in simulated water.
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/**
* Forces (Gravity and Fluid Resistence) with Vectors
* by Daniel Shiffman.
*
* Demonstration of multiple forces acting on bodies.
* Bodies experience gravity continuously and fluid
* resistance when in "water".
*/
// Five moving bodies
Mover[] movers = new Mover[10];
// Liquid
Liquid liquid;
void setup() {
size(640, 360);
reset();
// Create liquid object
liquid = new Liquid(0, height/2, width, height/2, 0.1);
}
void draw() {
background(0);
// Draw water
liquid.display();
for (Mover mover : movers) {
// Is the Mover in the liquid?
if (liquid.contains(mover)) {
// Calculate drag force
PVector drag = liquid.drag(mover);
// Apply drag force to Mover
mover.applyForce(drag);
}
// Gravity is scaled by mass here!
PVector gravity = new PVector(0, 0.1*mover.mass);
// Apply gravity
mover.applyForce(gravity);
// Update and display
mover.update();
mover.display();
mover.checkEdges();
}
fill(255);
text("click mouse to reset", 10, 30);
}
void mousePressed() {
reset();
}
// Restart all the Mover objects randomly
void reset() {
for (int i = 0; i < movers.length; i++) {
movers[i] = new Mover(random(0.5, 3), 40+i*70, 0);
}
}
/**
* Forces (Gravity and Fluid Resistence) with Vectors
* by Daniel Shiffman.
*
* Demonstration of multiple force acting on bodies (Mover class)
* Bodies experience gravity continuously
* Bodies experience fluid resistance when in "water"
*/
class Mover {
// position, velocity, and acceleration
PVector position;
PVector velocity;
PVector acceleration;
// Mass is tied to size
float mass;
Mover(float m, float x, float y) {
mass = m;
position = new PVector(x, y);
velocity = new PVector(0, 0);
acceleration = new PVector(0, 0);
}
// Newton's 2nd law: F = M * A
// or A = F / M
void applyForce(PVector force) {
// Divide by mass
PVector f = PVector.div(force, mass);
// Accumulate all forces in acceleration
acceleration.add(f);
}
void update() {
// Velocity changes according to acceleration
velocity.add(acceleration);
// position changes by velocity
position.add(velocity);
// We must clear acceleration each frame
acceleration.mult(0);
}
// Draw Mover
void display() {
stroke(255);
strokeWeight(2);
fill(255, 200);
ellipse(position.x, position.y, mass*16, mass*16);
}
// Bounce off bottom of window
void checkEdges() {
if (position.y > height) {
velocity.y *= -0.9; // A little dampening when hitting the bottom
position.y = height;
}
}
}
/**
* Forces (Gravity and Fluid Resistence) with Vectors
* by Daniel Shiffman.
*
* Demonstration of multiple force acting on bodies (Mover class)
* Bodies experience gravity continuously
* Bodies experience fluid resistance when in "water"
*/
class Liquid {
// Liquid is a rectangle
float x, y, w, h;
// Coefficient of drag
float c;
Liquid(float x_, float y_, float w_, float h_, float c_) {
x = x_;
y = y_;
w = w_;
h = h_;
c = c_;
}
// Is the Mover in the Liquid?
boolean contains(Mover m) {
PVector l = m.position;
if (l.x > x && l.x < x + w && l.y > y && l.y < y + h) {
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
// Calculate drag force
PVector drag(Mover m) {
// Magnitude is coefficient * speed squared
float speed = m.velocity.mag();
float dragMagnitude = c * speed * speed;
// Direction is inverse of velocity
PVector drag = m.velocity.copy();
drag.mult(-1);
// Scale according to magnitude
drag.setMag(dragMagnitude);
return drag;
}
void display() {
noStroke();
fill(127);
rect(x, y, w, h);
}
}
This example is for Processing 4+. If you have a previous version, use the examples included with your software. If you see any errors or have suggestions, please let us know.